OUR GRANTS

Enhancing the understanding of biological diversity for the benefit and sustainability of life on earth.

  • Map
  • Grid

Download

Filter Grants
Projects
  • All
  • Active
  • Completed
Programs
  • Capacity
  • Freshwater
  • Other
  • Pollinator
Approaches
  • Collection & Identification
  • Conference
  • Data Portal
  • Decision Tools
  • Digitization & Curation
  • Ecological Assessment
  • Graduate education
  • Media
  • Molecular Analysis
  • Monitoring
  • Policy
  • Technology Development
  • Training
Years
  • 2024
  • 2023
  • 2022
  • 2021
  • 2020
  • 2019
  • 2018
  • 2017
  • 2016
  • 2015
  • 2014
  • 2013
  • 2012
  • 2011
  • 2009
  • 2008
Project Locations
  • Angola
  • Benin
  • Botswana
  • Burundi
  • Cameroon
  • Central African Republic
  • Chad
  • Democratic Republic of Congo
  • Egypt
  • Ethiopia
  • Ghana
  • Guinea
  • Kenya
  • Lesotho
  • Madagascar
  • Malawi
  • Mozambique
  • Namibia
  • Nigeria
  • Other
  • Republic of Congo
  • Rwanda
  • Senegal
  • Seychelles
  • South Africa
  • South Sudan
  • Sudan
  • Swaziland
  • Tanzania
  • Uganda
  • Zambia
  • Zimbabwe
Grantee Locations
  • Belgium
  • Benin
  • Bolivia
  • Botswana
  • Central African Republic
  • Chad
  • Costa Rica
  • Democratic Republic of Congo
  • Denmark
  • Ethiopia
  • Germany
  • Ghana
  • Kenya
  • Madagascar
  • Malawi
  • Namibia
  • New Zealand
  • Other
  • Rwanda
  • Senegal
  • Seychelles
  • South Africa
  • Spain
  • Switzerland
  • Tanzania
  • Uganda
  • United Kingdom
  • United States
  • Venezuela
  • Zambia
  • Zimbabwe
Species
  • All Species
  • Amphibians
  • Birds
  • Fish
  • Freshwater Invertebrates
  • Fungi
  • Herpetofauna
  • Insects and Arachnids
  • Mammals
  • Marine Invertebrates
  • Plants
  • Reptiles
Reset Filters

National Museums of Kenya (2024)

Illuminating Understudied Caves to Highlight Plant Pollination and Seed Dispersal Services by Bats

$45,000 (15 Months)

Rhodes University, Centre for Biological Control (2023)

Protecting 30x30 Gains Through Integrated Control of Prosopis and Cactus Invasions in Botswana, Namibia and South Africa

$31,000 (6 months)

WildTrack & Tswalu Foundation and Oppenheimer Generations Research and Conservation (2023)

Novel Biodiversity Metric: Small Mammal Track Analysis using AI, Morphometrics and Traditional and Local Ecological Knowledge (TaLEK)

$157,449 (18 Months)

Namibian Nature Foundation (2023)

Incorporating Succulent Plant and Animal Species Information into Conservation Planning

$264,108 (36 Months)

Wildfowl and Wetlands Trust (2023)

Madagascar Wetland Knowledge Base

$385,907 (36 Months)

UCLA Center for Tropical Research & Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology (2023)

Advancing Environmental DNA Research Capacity in Rwanda to Inform Conservation Decisions

$245,865 (36 Months)

International Union for the Conservation of Nature (IUCN) (2023)

Support for the Sustainable Management of Aquatic Ecosystems in the Chari-Logone sub-Basin.

$250,000 (36 Months)

International Crane Foundation- Zambia (2023)

Designing and Implementing a Wetland Information System for the Kafue Flats Wetlands, Zambia

$249,359 (36 Months)

INTERNATIONAL CENTRE OF INSECT PHYSIOLOGY AND ECOLOGY (2023)

Increase Knowledge, Awareness and Data Accessibility for Bee and Dipteran Pollinators, their Forage Plant Species to Support Conservation of Plant-Pollinator Interactions in Cameroon

$293,195 (36 Months)

Lake Tanganyika Floating Health Clinic (2023)

Cross-sectoral Household and Critical Biodiversity Surveys in Riparian South Kivu and Tanganyika Provinces

$258,500 (24 Months)

Wildlife Conservation Society (2023)

Freshwater Biodiversity Data Collection System (FBDC) for Conservation and Sustainable Development of the Northeast Protected Area Complex (NPAC) in the Central African Republic

$250,000 (36 Months)

Conserve Global (2023)

Advancing Community Conservation Management through Integrated Habitat Monitoring in Northern Zambia Game Management Areas

$92,508 (30 Months)

Gaea Seychelles (2023)

Developing a Freshwater Biodiversity Information System for Conservation and Management in the Seychelles

$260,839 (36 Months)

Namibian Chamber of Environment (2023)

Better Information for Better Conservation, Restoration and Sustainable Use of Namibian Near-endemic Plants

$161,651 (30 Months)

University of Cheikh Anta Diop Dakar (UNAD) & SOS SAHEL Senegal (2023)

Niokolo-Koba National Park Buffer Zone Biodiversity Survey

$50,000 (12 Months)

Endangered Wildlife Trust (2023)

Developing a 30-by-30 Landscape Planning Tool for South Africa that Balances the Need for Conservation, Agriculture, and Renewable Energy

$242,481 (36 Months)

Tanzania Wildlife Research Institute (2023)

Design of a Parataxonomists Training Program at Tanzania Wildlife Research Institute

$42,248 (6 Months)

Hawassa University (2023)

Insect Pollinator Diversity Under Different Land Uses in and around Kafa Biosphere Reserve and Bale Mountains National Park

$219,213 (36 Months)

University of Namibia (2022)

Establishing Capacity for Sustained Production of National Spatial Biodiversity Data Products: Guiding Progress towards the post2020 Global Biodiversity Framework Goals and Targets

$249,929 (36 Months)

Research Unit of Tropical Mycology and Soil-Plant Fungi Interactions, University of Parakou (2022)

Data Mobilization and Long Term Conservation of Wild Fungi (WEF) in Benin

$65,000 (30 Months)

National Herbarium of Benin (2022)

Mobilizing data for Identification, Taxonomy, Socioeconomic Importance and Conservation Assessment of Bryophytes in Benin

$249,966 (36 months)

University of Florida (2022)

Freshwater Biodiversity Data of Rivers of the Lake Victoria Basin

$279,885 (36 months)

Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew (2022)

Enhancing Data Access to Transform Guinea’s Capacity to Identify and Protect its Threatened Plants

$274,721 (36 months)

Nature Uganda (2022)

Training a Cohort of Herpetologists to Increase Baseline Data Knowledge in Uganda – to Build Capacity for Herpetology Surveys in Key Ecosystems of East Africa.

$256,446 (24 months)

Kabale University (2022)

Site Selection to Protect Papyrus Endemic Biodiversity in Uganda

$256,446 (36 months)

The East African Wildlife Society (2022)

Unlocking Biodiversity Data to Facilitate Designation of Lake Ol Bolossat as a 7th Ramsar Site in Kenya

$272,136 (36 months)

Dambari Wildlife Trust & Natural History Museum of Zimbabwe (2022)

Zimbabwe Herpetofauna Data: Mobilizing Data for Mapping Biodiversity Distribution, for Climate Change and Conservation Strategies

$50,000 (18 months)

North-West University (2022)

Building Bee Taxonomic Capacity Among Citizen Scientists in South Africa

$84,920 (36 months)

World Wildlife Fund (2022)

Improving Conservation Decision-making in Africa with Environmental DNA Technology

$40,000 (4 months)

Frankfurt Zoological Society (2022)

Ecological Monitoring in the Nsumbu-Mweru ecosystem of Zambia

$263,684 (24 months)

Tanzania Wildlife Research Institute (2022)

Invertebrate surveys in Afromontane ecosystems

$142,901 (36 months)

South African National Parks (2022)

Overcoming pandemic threats to South Africa's national parks

$498,100 (24 months)

Tanzania Forest Conservation Group (2021)

Biodiversity data collection and training conservationists in East and West Usambaras, Tanzania

$277,794 (36 months)

Media For Environment, Science, Health and Agriculture (2021)

Journalists acting for biodiversity

$56,862 (24 months)

Lake Tanganyika Floating Health Clinic (2021)

Critical biodiversity surveys in the transboundary Lake Tanganyika & Ruzizi Basin

$47,500 (12 months)

Threatened Species Conservation Alliance (2021)

Reinforcing the capacity for conservation science and planning for young West African conservationists

$75,636 (24 Months)

Freshwater Research Centre (2020)

Demand-driven, high impact, expansion of the Freshwater Biodiversity Information System (FBIS) for freshwater decision-making in South Africa

$ 337,000 (36 Months)

South African National Biodiversity Institute (2020)

South Africa Biodiversity Data Pipeline for Wetlands and Waterbirds (BIRDIE)

$294,967 (36 months)

Malawi University of Science and Technology (2020)

Development of a Biodiversity Informatics MSc program at the Malawi University of Science and Technology (MUST)

$339,500 (36 months)

South African National Parks (2020)

Science support, monitoring, and capacity development for biodiversity conservation in South Africa

$208,740 (24 months)

Frankfurt Zoological Society - U.S. (2020)

Biodiversity Monitoring in Serengeti, Mahale, and Gonarezhou National Parks

$280,000 (24 months)

Wildlife Conservation Society (2020)

Biodiversity monitoring in Boma, Afi and Mbe, Nouabalé-Ndoki, and Tarangire Parks

$525,000 (24 months)

African Parks (2020)

Research and monitoring for evidence-based management in Garamba (DRC) and Zakouma (Chad) National Parks

$210,500 (18 months)

Okavango Research Institute, University of Botswana (2020)

ORBIS: Okavango Repository for BIodiverSity Data Planning

$50,000 (6 months)

Southern Africa Development Community – Groundwater Management Institute (2020)

Groundwater Dependent Ecosystems (GDEs) and Biodiversity in the Khakea/Bray Transboundary Aquifer

$308,100 (36 months)

Maasai Mara University (2019)

Triggering the development of digital content for bat ecology and conservation in Africa: First course connecting African and Latin American students through bat conservation

$13,280

National Museums of Kenya (2019)

Assessment of Lepidoptera Pollinator Species Diversity in East Africa

$50,000 (12 Months)

Madagascar Biodiversity Fund - FAPBM (2019)

Securing the value and sustainability of the Madagascar Lemurs Portal

$51,000 (12 Months)

Freshwater Research Centre Odonata Map (2019)

Atlas and Phenology of Dragonflies and Damselflies in South Africa

$113,900 (18 Months)

Freshwater Research Centre Workshop (2019)

Developing freshwater biodiversity information systems: Workshop for African Freshwater Information System Projects

$ 54,900 (7 Months)

Royal Museum for Central Africa (2019)

The Pollinator Information Network for Sub-Saharan Two-Winged Insects (PIN-DIP)

$40,000 (9 Months)

Makerere University (2019)

Generating information on bee pollinator diversity and distribution in Uganda through the application of ecological and informatics tools

$ 275,000.00 (36 months)

Basque Center for Climate Change (2019)

Integrative modelling to understand pollination services across agricultural landscapes

$ 43,000

Lilongwe University of Agriculture and Natural Resources: Pollinators Planning (2019)

Planning for Harnessing pollinator biodiversity informatics in Malawi to understand the importance of agroecological interventions

$ 36,950

Lilongwe University of Agriculture and Natural Resources: Freshwater Planning (2019)

Planning for Saving the critically endangered riverine species of Malawi

$ 36,339 (5 months)

Association for Water and Rural Development (2019)

Enhanced bioinformatics capacity for data sharing and decision-support for freshwater biodiversity conservation of the transboundary rivers of the Kruger National Park

$ 284,000 (36 Months)

Sokoine University of Agriculture (2019)

Freshwater Biodiversity Information System for Sustainable Conservation of Rufiji River Basin in Tanzania

$ 53,280 (11 months)

Naturalis: Biodiversity_Next Conference (2019)

Biodiversity_Next Conference and African Theme Sponsorship

$60,000 (Six months)

KwaZulu-Natal Museum: Entomological Society of South Africa Conference (2019)

Conference Support for 21st Congress of the Entomology Society of Southern Africa

$7,500 (4 Months)

South African National Biodiversity Institute (2019)

African Biodiversity Challenge: Unlocking Decision-Data Pathways for Sustainable Development

$ 321,000 (36 months)

Dar es Salaam Institute of Technology (2019)

Development of a National Biodiversity Data Portal (NBDP) based on ALA Open Source Software

$ 240,000.00 (36 Months)

Water Journalists Africa (2019)

InfoNile.org: A Geojournalism Platform Connecting Journalists and Scientists in the Nile Basin for Data-Based Communication on Biodiversity

$ 299,900

Center of Excellence in Biodiversity and Natural Resource Management, University of Rwanda (2019)

Developing a freshwater biodiversity information system for sustainable development and climate change adaptation in Rwanda

$334,000 (36 months)

African Conservation Centre (2018)

Follow on Support for Kenya Biodiversity Web Portal Project

$ 80,000 (9 Months)

Center of Excellence in Biodiversity and Natural Resource Management, University of Rwanda (2018)

Planning phase: developing a freshwater biodiversity information system for sustainable development and climate change adaptation in Rwanda

$10,584 (9 months)

Albertine Rift Conservation Society (2018)

Using Ecological Integrity Assessment to Guide Wetlands Management in Rwanda

$ 250,000 (24 months)

Tanzania Wildlife Research Institute (2018)

Assessing Landscape Level Impacts of Climate Change on Montane Forest Pollinators in Tanzania

$ 275,000 (36 Months)

Dar es Salaam Institute of Technology (2018)

Planning phase: Data platform of wild pollinators’ biodiversity in Coastal Forests of Eastern Africa

$31,510 (4 months)

National Fisheries Resources Research Institute (2018)

From the lab to the World: Unlocking Uganda’s freshwater biodiversity data for sustainable development

$260,000 (36 months)

National Museums of Kenya (2018)

Developing a Freshwater Biodiversity Information System for the Tana River Basin, Kenya, for Improved Ecosystem Management and Development Planning

$ 250,000 (36 months)

University of Abomey-Calavi (2018)

Regional graduate course for capacity development in biodiversity informatics in Africa

$260,500.00 (36 months)

Lilongwe University of Agriculture and Natural Resources (2018)

Conference Support: 6th Pan African Fish and Fisheries Association Conference

$15,000 (4 months)

University of Oxford (2018)

Second Generation of the Biodiversity Informatics Training Curriculum for Africa

$279,800 (36 months)

Albertine Rift Conservation Society (2018)

Planning phase: using ecological integrity assessment and advanced information management to guide wetland management and decision-making in Rwanda

$35,000 (4 months)

National Museum, Bloemfontein (2018)

Conference Support: 9th International Congress of Dipterology

$10,000 (6 months)

The Society for the Preservation of Natural History Collections (2018)

Conference Support: SPNHC and TDWG 2018 Conference; Collections and data in an uncertain world

$8,500 (4 months)

Global Biodiversity Information Facility (2018)

Conference Support: GBIC2: Delivering a Roadmap for Biodiversity Knowledge in the Information Age

$24,000 (4 months)

International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology (2017)

Integrative Pollinator-Plant Interaction Assessment of Ecosystem Service Diversity in Sub-Saharan Africa

$324,040 (36 months)

CAB International (2017)

Creating global access to Africa’s most complete and current dataset on Invasive Alien Plant Species

$45,750 (18 mo. Months)

University of Botswana Okavango Research Institute (2017)

Scaling fisheries monitoring in the Okavango Delta with low‐cost technology

$180,840 (24 months)

Bangor University (2017)

Mapping for Conservation of Native Tilapia Resources in East Africa

$264,100 (36 months )

College of African Wildlife Management, Mweka (2017)

Pollinator Monitoring Project in Tanzania

$284,400 (36 months )

Freshwater Research Centre (2017)

Developing a freshwater biodiversity information system for evaluating long-term change in rivers in the Cape Floristic Region, South Africa

$273,000 (35 Months )

South African National Biodiversity Institute (2016)

African Biodiversity Challenge: Unlocking Data for Sustainable Development

$293,000 (36 months)

International Union for the Conservation of Nature (IUCN, 2016)

Biodiversity Information For the Lake Malawi Catchment Eastern Africa: Data For Decision-makers

$252,000 (36 Months)

Royal Museum for Central Africa (2016)

The Pollinator Information Network for Sub-Saharan Two-Winged Insects (PIN-DIP)

$209,000 (36 Months)

National Museums of Kenya (2016)

Assessment of Lepidoptera Pollinator Species Diversity in East Africa

$264,200 (36 Months)

University of Cape Town (2016)

Atlas and Phenology of Dragonflies and Damselflies in South Africa

$102,000 (48 Months)

University of Botswana Okavango Research Institute (2016)

Building Capacity for Biodiversity Data Management and Dissemination in the Okavango Delta

$111,600

Freshwater Research Centre (2016)

Planning grant to develop a freshwater biodiversity information system for evaluating long term change in rivers in the Cape Floristic Region, South Africa

$30,000 (9 Months)

Madagascar Biodiversity Fund - FAPBM (2016)

Development of the Madagascar Lemurs Portal

$264,100 (36 Months)

BirdWatch Zambia (2016)

Planning grant for bird diversity assessments in Zambia's major wetland important bird and biodiversity areas

$15,000 (5 Months)

Wildlife Conservation Society - Neotropics Bat Call Database

Neotropical Bat Recording

$81,620 (15 Months)

Wildlife Conservation Society - REBIOMA (2011)

Madagacar Biodiversity Data Sharing

$200,000 (27 Months)

Wildlife Conservation Society - REBIOMA (2013)

REBIOMA Madagascar Data Portal

$120,000 (24 Months)

Zoological Society of San Diego (2012)

Enhancing Access to Peruvian Plant Specimens through Herbarium Digitization

$ 86,050 (24 Months)

Zoological Society of San Diego (2014)

Enhancing Access to Peruvian Plant Specimens through Herbarium Digitization

$71,900 (24 Months)

African Conservation Centre (2014)

Biodiversity Knowledgebase to Support Decision-making in Kenya

$359,600

African Technology Policy Studies Network (2014)

Biodiversity Informatics Policy Landscape

$50,050 (18 Months)

Albertine Rift Conservation Society (2011)

Albertine Rift Biodiversity Portal

$196,075 (24 Months)

Albertine Rift Conservation Society (2013)

Albertine Rift Biodiversity Portal

$100,000 (15 Months)

CAB International

East African Invasive Species

$182,210 (36 Months)

California Academy of Sciences (2014)

Digitizing Southwestern-African Herpetological Collections

$56,006 (12 Months)

Colorado State University

Living Atlas of East African Flora

$168,061 (30 Months)

Conservation International Foundation (2014)

GDSA Country Policy and Bioinformatics Projects Review

$42,800 (18 Months)

CyberTracker (2012)

Cyber Tracker Upgrade

$134,400 (12 Months)

CyberTracker (2013)

CyberTracker Software and Website Upgrade

$60,000 (24 Months)

ElephantVoices

Elephant Partners

$290,712 (38 months)

Faculté des Sciences Agronomiques UAC (2014)

Implementation of the National Biodiversity Information System (NBIS) of Benin

$150,000 (32 Months)

Field Museum of Natural History

The Bats of Kenya

$90,095 (46 Months)

Global Biodiversity Information Facility (GBIF)

2012 Biodiversity Informatics Conference

$25,000 (17 Months)

Guanacaste Dry Forest Conservation Fund - GDFCF (2011)

Applied Informatics through the Rural Brain

$200,000 (12 Months)

Guanacaste Dry Forest Conservation Fund - GDFCF (2013)

Guanacaste Parataxonomist Program

$200,000 (24 Months)

Institute of Ecology at National Autonomous University of Mexico (2014)

Mexico National Bat Monitoring

$162,500 (30 Months)

Institute of Policy Analysis and Research - Rwanda (2014)

Biodiversity Informatics Policy Research

$49,400 (18 Months)

Instituto de Investigación de Recursos Biológicos Alexander von Humboldt

Plant Conservation in Colombia

$182,950 (36 Months)

Instituto de Pesquisas Ecológicas (2011)

Regional Flora Database

$199,983 (27 Months)

Instituto de Pesquisas Ecológicas (2013)

Atlantic Forest Information System

$65,000 (21 Months)

Mesoamerican Reef Fund (2012)

Meso-American Reef Health Database (2012)

$127,270 (24 Months)

Mesoamerican Reef Fund (2014)

HRI Reef Health Database

$30,000 (24 Months)

Missouri Botanical Garden

The Vahinala Project: A Catalog of the Vascular Plants of Madagascar

$199,455 (36 Months)

Museo de Historia Natural Noel Kempff Mercado (2011)

The Geospatial Center for Biodiversity

$190,750 (25 Months)

Museo Historia Natural Noel Kempff Mercado (2013)

Geospatial Center for Biodiversity - Bolivia

$189,970 (30 Months)

National Biodiversity Institute (INBio) of Costa Rica

Benin National Biodiversity Information System

$182,319 (30 Months)

National Land Use Planning Commission

Identifcation Tool for Tanzanian Plant Conservation Areas

$199,375 (40 Months)

National Museum Bloemfontein

South African Arachnid Biodiversity

$180,000 (30 Months)

NatureServe Policy Review (2015)

How biodiversity information informs national policy in Colombia, Ecuador, Peru, and Bolivia

$94,000 (18 Months)

New York Botanical Garden (2009)

Rescue and Integration of Botanical Data for Conservation in the Southwestern Amazon

$ 199,410 (36 Months)

New York Botanical Garden (2012)

Vietnam Flora

$181,700 (48 Months)

Office National pour l’Environnement

Lemur Atlas Technical Assistance

$35,000 (27 Months)

Ohio State University (2015)

Revitalizing Hexacorallians of the World

$7,000 (12 Months)

Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew (2014)

Madagascan Plants Threat Assessment

$160,700 (18 Month)

South African Institute for Aquatic Biodiversity (2011)

African Pollinator Biodiversity

$198,000 (24 Months)

South African National Biodiversity Institute (2012)

Mobilizing Africa's Biodiversity Data

$246,000 (30 Months)

South African National Biodiversity Institute (2014)

Biodiversity Heritage Library Africa

$150,000 (36 Months)

Stellenbosch University (2012)

Dragonfly Freshwater Health Tool

$296,000 (47 Months)

Tanzania Commission for Science and Technology (2014)

Tanzania Biodiversity Information Management Tool

$75,000 (24 Months)

Tulane University (2011)

African Biodiversity Information Scientist Mentoring Program in Conjunction with Annual TWDG Conferences

$9,990 (2011) & $35,550 (2012-2014) (27 Months)

Tulane University (2014)

Pre-TDWG 2014-2015 Collaboration Building

$106,950 (12 Months)

Universidad Central de Venezuela (2012)

Neotropical Leaf Beetles

$92,494 (24 Months)

Universidad Central de Venezuela (2014)

Mobilizing Venezuelan Biodiversity Data

$100,000 (24 Months)

Universidad de los Andes

Páramo Plants Online

$139,700.00 (36 Months)

Universidad Nacional de Colombia (2011)

Flora of Colombia Online

$197,778 (28 Months)

Universidad Nacional de Colombia (2013)

Plantas de Colombia Online

$170,000 (24 Months)

University of Bergen Museum (2012)

West African Marine Biodiversity

$ 288,000 (36 Months)

University of Cape Town (2008)

Southern African Reptile Conservation Assessment

$135,057 (32 Months)

University of Florida (2015)

Digitizing Southwestern-African Herpetological Collections

$121,707 (18 Months)

University of Ghana (2012)

DNA Barcoding and Conservation of Tree Species

$199,520 (24 Months)

University of Ghana (2014)

Capture of Primary Biodiversity Data for West African Plants

$230,230.00 (42 months)

University of Kansas Center for Research

Biodiversity Informatics Training for Africa and the World

$414,858 (54 Months)

University of Pretoria (2011)

Dung Beetle Diversity

$197,568 (24 Months)

University of Pretoria (2013)

South African Dung Beetle Atlas

$145,000 (24 Months)

University of Pretoria - Neuroptera (2012)

Afrotropical Neuroptera Biodiversity Database

$86,000 (36 Months)

WCN - Ethiopian Wolf Conservation Program

Improving Ethiopian Wolf Monitoring

$64,600 (36 Months)

Wildlife Conservation Society - Camera Traps (2014)

Camera Trap Data Repository for Biodiversity Monitoring

$202,929 (24 Months)

Wildlife Conservation Society - Madagascar (2015)

Project Planning Grant for the ‘Madagascar Lemurs Portal’

$29,000

Learn More About Our Programs

Subscribe to our mailing list

* indicates required
Which are your primary communications interest?